The Harlem Renaissance Essay - 524 Words

Harlem Renaissance nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Harlem Renaissance was a time of racism, injustice, and importance. Somewhere in between the 1920s and 1930s an African American movement occurred in Harlem, New York City. The Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. It was the result of Blacks migrating in the North, mostly Chicago and New York. There were many significant figures, both male and female, that had taken part in the Harlem Renaissance. Ida B. Wells and Langston Hughes exemplify the like and work of this movement. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Wells was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, women’s rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. After her†¦show more content†¦Wells was on of the founding members of the NAACP. In 1930, Wells was disgusted by the nominees for the state legislature, so she decided to run for Illinois State Legislature. This made her one of the first black women to run for public office in the U.S. The Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. She was a person who never stopped believing in what she thought or knew was important to her and other people of her race and gender. She had to have a large amount of courage to do all that she has accomplished in her time, and this is why she is an important figure to the Harlem Renaissance. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Langston Hughes was one of the most important writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes creative intellect was influenced by his life in New York City’s Harlem neighborhood. Hughes had a very strong sense of racial pride. Through his works he promoted racial equality and celebrated the African American culture. It was in Lincoln, Illinois that Hughes started to write his poetry. In November 1924, he moved to Washington D.C. where he published his first book of poetry. Hughes is known for his insightful, colorful portrayals of black life in America. Langston is also known for his commitment to jazz. Hughes refused to distinguish between his personal and common understandings of black America. HeShow MoreRelatedHarlem And The Harlem Renaissance Essay2269 Words   |  10 Pagessouthern African Americans migrated to a city called Harlem in New York. They relocated due to dogmatism and intolerance of melanin diverging out the of pores of many white southerners. The African Americans who migrated found new opportunities both economic and artistic that resulted to the creation of a stable middle class Black –Americans (Dover, 2006). This was the Harlem Renaissance a cultural, social, and artistic explosion. The core of Harlem expressed by Alain Locke is that through art, â€Å"negroRead MoreHarlem And The Harlem Renaissance1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmoved in to urban cities such as Chicago, Detroit, and Harlem. Out of these northern metropolises, the most popular was Harlem; â€Å"here in Manhattan (Harlem) is not merely the largest Negro community in the world, but the first concentration in history of so many diverse element of Negro life†(1050). Harlem became the mecca of black people, and between the years of 1920 and the late 1930s it was known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance, brought artiest, poets, writers, musicians, and intelligentRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance850 Words   |   4 Pages Giselle Villanueva History IB Mr. Flores February 7, 2016 Period 4 Word Count: 693 Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was the first period in the history of the United States in which a group of black poets, authors, and essayist seized the opportunity to express themselves. The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North during 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationistRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance1154 Words   |  5 PagesIV AP 16 November 2015 The Harlem Renaissance The early 1900s was a time marked with tragedy in America. Started and ended with the Great Depression in between, it was not America s finest moment. Prohibition was in place, the Klu Klux Klan was still marching, and the Lost Generation was leaving for Paris. But despite the troubling times, people still found beauty and meaning in the world around them. They still created art and celebrated life. The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic and literaryRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement, in the early 1920’s, that involved vibrancies of new life, ideas, and perceptions. The large migration of African Americans northward, after World War I, allowed people of color the opportunity to collaborate in the New York City neighborhood, known as Harlem. This renaissance allowed the city to thrive on a refined understanding and appreciation of the arts. Many individuals were involved in this movement including doctors, s tudents, shopkeepers,Read MoreThe Harlem Renaissance1317 Words   |  6 Pagesday is the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is the cultural movement of the 1920’s. The movement essentially kindled a new black cultural identity through art, literature and intellect. The Harlem Renaissance started during the Roaring Twenties. It took place in Harlem, New York. It became most prominent in the mid to late 1920’s and it diminished toward the early 1930’s (Henderson). The Harlem Renaissance was initially called the New Negro Movement or the New Negro Renaissance. It was theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 1 Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harlem Renaissance, an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. According to Wintz: The Harlem Renaissance was â€Å"variously known as the New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance, the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and then withered in the mid-1930sRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Of The 1920s1557 Words   |  7 Pagesnot until the evil intentions of slavery crossed mankind’s thoughts that hue became our downfall, our separator. White supremacy eroded the idea of equality, and darker hues began to symbolize worthlessness, inferiority, and ugliness. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s evoked the idea of black consciousness and pride. It was a movement established to express black literature, art, music, and culture. Blacks began to wear their dark hue like a badge of honor. Art, literature, and music became the

Innovator Free Essays

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? ? ? ? 5 . ) ? ? â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? â€Å" † ? ? ? â€Å" † ? â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) Innovation Ambassador 6 â€Å" † ? ? †¦ â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? â€Å" † ? ? â€Å" † (. ) ? ? ? ? ? . â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? (. ) â€Å" † ( ? ) ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? â€Å" † (. ) (Connecting Knowledge) . ? ? â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ( . ) ? ? Innovation Ambassador 8 (. ?.?. 2548 77 ? ? . 99,469,950 ? 2,549,868,959 ? ? ? ? . â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? â€Å" † ? â€Å" † ?.?. ? ? 2549 ? ? ? ? â€Å" ?.?. 2549 ? ? â€Å" † (. ) ? ? ? ? ? 9 â€Å" (Innovation Ambassador)† ? : : ? . ? 2 . ) ? (technical support and financial support) ? ? ? 10,000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4 ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? . . (Innovation Network) ? â€Å" † (Innovation Ambassador) ?.?. 2548 ? ? ? ? ? . ? â€Å" † ? ? ? ? â€Å" † (National Innovation System) Innovation Ambassador 10 1. â€Å" † ? ? ? ? 2. ? ? ? ? 3. â€Å" † 4. â€Å" † 1. 2. 3. 4. ? ? 5. â€Å" † ? â€Å" † ? 1. â€Å" † â€Å" ? ? ? ? † 10 1 2. â€Å" 3. ? ? 4. ? 5. 2 ? ? ? ? 6. 8. ? 7. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 11 â€Å" † ?.?. 2548 11 ? ? 1. Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (PBSC) 2. ? 3. Plastic ? Injection Mould Hot Runner ? ? ? 4. Filament Winding ? (LPG) ? 5. ? NGV ( 1) 6. ? 7. 8. 9. ? ? ? 10. ? ? 11. ? ? - †¦ ? ? 3,150,000 100,000 775,000 2,167,700 9,950,000 3,500,000 14,660,000 4,115,400 60,000 325,000 240,600 780,000 576,000 3,424,600 3,290,000 365,600 15,005,000 1,115,500 8,574,300 55,426,100 Innovation Ambassador 12 14 ? ? 1. ( ) ? 2. L-Quebrachitol ? ? ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. 6. NGV ( 2) ? 7. . ( ) 9. temephos zeolite granules non woven 10. 11. 12. â€Å"MasterKool New Touch† 13. 14. ? †¦ †¦  · ?  ·Ã‚    ®Ã¢â‚¬ ?  «? ‚ §v?  °Ã¢â‚¬Å"v ®Ã¢â‚¬Å" °Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬Å"v? — â€Å"? O? †¡ ’  ? †¡Ã‚  v‘  «Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚ µÃ‚ °vv? ?v– ®Ã¢â‚¬ ? ’ 2548 E ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 13 . Prof. Dr. Onanong Naivikul : : : : : 50 10900 ? 02-562 5023 : 02-562 5021 fagionn@ku. ac. th, fagionn@yahoo. com ?.?. 2514 ?.?. 2517 ?.?. 2520 .?. ( ) M. S. (Food Science), Tuskegee University, USA Ph. D. (Cereal Technology), North Dakota State University, USA . 30 ? ? ? ? ( ) ? ? ? ? ? . (. ) ? Potential World Market for Innovative Rice Business in Thailand) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rice Food Innovation Ambassador 14 1. 2545 799 ? ? ? ? ? ? 2. 2545 867 ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. 2547 : 1. , ? ? 366 4. Vatanasuchart N, O Naivikul, S Charoenrein and K Sriroth (2005) Molecular Properties of Cassava Starch Modified with Different UV Irradiations to Enhance Baking Expansion. Carbohydrate Polymers. 61, 80-87. . Naivikul O and A Subsomboon (2004) Effect of Rice Varieties and Milling Processes on Rice Noodle Properties. Proceeding in the AACC / TIA Joint Meeting, San Diego, California, 347. 6. Naivikul O and N Sitachitta. (2004) Comparison of Various Properties Between Different Processes of Cooked White and Parboiled Frozen Rice. Proceeding AACC / TIA Joint Meeting. 22 September. San Diego, California, USA. 205. 7. Naivikul O and N Sitachitta (2003) Comparison the Quality of Commercial Parboiled Rice and Laboratory Processed by X-Ray Diffractometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The 2nd Conference on Starch Technology, Pattaya. 81-185. 8. Srisook S and O Naivikul (2003) Effect of Coating Substance on Texture and Retrograded Properties of Frozen Cooked Brown Rice Varieties. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci. ) 37, 477-483. 9. Varavinit S, S Shobsngob, W Varanyanond, P Chinachoti and O Naivikul. (2003) Effect of Amylose Content on Gelatinization, Retrogradation and Pasting Properties of Flours from Different Cultivars of Thai Rice. Starch/St rke 55, 410-415. 10. Vatanasuchart N, O Naivikul, S Charoenrein and K Sriroth (2003) the Effects of Different UV Irradiations on Properties of Cassava Starch and Biscuit Expansion. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci. ) 37, 334-344. 1. Chewangkul L, W Garnjanagoonchorn and O Naivikul (2002) the Effect of Steaming Time on Microstructural Changes of Instant Noodles. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci . ) 36, 420-425. 12. Naivikul O, P Boonyasirikool, D Heangsawadi, K Jangchud, T Suwansichon and A Suksomboon (2002) Functional Snack Food. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci. ) 36, 44-54. ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 15 Assist. Prof. Malee Simsrisakul : : ? : 1518 10800 ? ? : 02-913 2500-24 4725 : 02-587 8257 : mls@kmitnb. ac. th ?.?. 2528 .?. ( ) ?.?. 2534 .?. ( ) ? ? ? ? ? - ? ? ? GMP ? ? ? â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? â€Å" OTOP† ? ? ? Rice Food Innovation Ambassador 16 1. 2545 ? ? 4 ? 31 – 1 2545 ? ? 2. 2546 ? 41 ? ? 3-7 2546 3. 2546 41 ? 3 ? 3-7 2546 4. 2546 5 ? 30-31 2546 ? 5. 2546 5 ? 30-31 2546 ? 6. . 2546 ? ? 5 ? 30-31 2546 ? 7. 2546 5 ? 30-31 ? 2546 ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 17 Mr. Vitoon Ruenglertpanyakul : : 6 - ? ? 10310 : 02-277 9380-1 : 02-277 9654 : vitoon. grennet@gmail. com ? .?. 2528 .?. ( ) ?.?. 2530 Postgraduate Diploma in Economics, University of New England, Australia ?.?. 2530 Master of Economics, University of New England, Australia ? ? ? ? ? ?.?. 534 â€Å" ? ? ? ? † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?.?. 2539 ? â€Å" †? (. ) ? ? ? ? ? ? Grolink International Organic Accreditation Services (IOAS) ? ? ? ? Organic Farming Innovation Ambassador 18 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. International Organic Accreditation Services (IOAS) (?.?. 2536) ? ? (?.?. 2545) ? ? - (?.?. 2545) ? ? - (?.?. 2546) ? ? ? (?.?. 2546) ? ? (?.?. 2547) ? ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 19 . Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wichai Cherdshewasart : : : : : 10330 02-218 5033 : 02-218 5034 cwichai@sc. chula. ac. th ?.?. 518 ?.?. 2520 ?.?. 2529 ?.?. 2534 . ( ) . ( ) MSc. (Molecular Biology), Free University of Brussels, Belgium DSc. (Molecular Biology), Free University of Brussels, Belgium . 10 4 â€Å" (Pueparexx TM)† . ? ? ? ? ? â€Å"JOYCE† (brand establish) Herb Innovation Ambassador 20 1. (?.?. 2536) ? ? 2. (?.?. 2539) ? ? ? 3. Trisomboon H, S Malaivijitnond, G Watanabe, W Cherdshewasart and K Taya (2006) The estrogenic effect of Pueraria mirifica on gonadotropin levels in aged monkeys, Endocrine. 29, 129-134. 4. Cherdshewasart W, W Cheewasopit and P Picha (2004) Anti-proliferation Effects of the White (Pueraria mirifica), Red (Butea superba) and Black (Mucuna collettii) Kwao Krua Plants on the Growth of HeLa cells. J. Sci. Res. (Chulalongkorn University) 29, 27-32. . Cherdshewasart W and W Cheewasopit and P Picha (2004) the Differential Anti-proliferation Effect of the White (Pueraria mirifica), Red (Butea superba) and Black (Mucuna collettii) Kwao Krua Plants on the Growth of MCF-7 Cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93, 255-260. 6. Malaivijitnond S, P Kiathaipipat, W Cherdshewasart, G Watanabe, K Taya (2004) Different Effects of Pueraria mirifica, a Herb Containing Phytoestrogens, on LH and FSH Secretion in Gonadectomized Female and Male Rats. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 96, 428-435. 7. Cherdshewasart W (2003) Toxicity Tests of a Phytoestrogen-rich Herb; Pueraria mirifica. J. Sci. Res. (Chulalongkorn University) 28, 1-12. 8. Cherdshewasart W and N Nimsakul (2003) Clinical Trial of Butea superba, an Alternative Herbal Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction. Asian J. Androl. 5, 243-246. 9. Lee YS, JS Park, SD Cho, JK Son, W Cherdshewasart and KS Kang (2002) Requirement of Metabolic Activation for Estrogenic Activity of Pueraria mirifica. J. Vet. Sci. 3, 273-277. 10. Muangman V, W Cherdshewasart (2001) Clinical Trial of the Phytoestrogen-rich Herb, Pueraria mirifica as a Crude Drug in the Treatment of Symptoms in Menopausal Women. Siriraj Hospital Gazzette. 53, 300-309. 11. Roengsumran S, A Petsom, N Ngamrojanavanich, T Rugsilp, P Sittiwichienwong, P Khorphueng, W Cherdshewasart and C Chaichantipyuth (2000) Flavonoid and Flavonoid Glycoside from Butea superba Roxb. and their cAMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitory Activity. J. Sci. Res. (Chulalongkorn University) 25, 169-176. ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 21 Mr. Sombat Wanauppathamkul : : : : : ? ? ? ? 549/2 10120 02-682 2064 : 02-294 4479 w_sombat@ilc-cosmetic. com sombaw9@cscoms. com ?.?. 2534 ?.?. 2537 .?. ( ) .?. ( ) (PERCH) ? ? 1610 ? ? ? ? ? 00 ? ? ? ? ? ? â€Å"BSC Pure Care† ? ? ? ? ? (PERCH) (NANOTEC) ? (encapsulation) (micro-emulsion) Herb Innovation Ambassador 22 1. Wanauppathamkul S, S Chaturonratsamee and W Chusattayanond, inventors; International Laboratories Corp. , Ltd. , Assignee (2004) the Use of Sacred Lotus Stamen Extract as Antioxidant in Drugs, Food Supplements and Cosmetics. Thai Petty Patent 1610: 27 December 2004. 2. Innovation: ? 18 (5,961), 17 2548, 10. 3. 4 (1,190), 17 2548, 2. 4. Suchalee Pongprasert. Cosmetics: Nanotechnology with Sacred Lotus Improves Skin Elasticity in Byteline Innovation: Business. The Nation 30 (50,665), January 10, 2005, 6B. 5. 16 2548. ? 6. Chanphen R, Y Thebtaranonth, S Wanauppathamkul and Y Yuthavong (1998) Antimalarial Principles from Artemisia indica. J. Nat. Prod. 61, 1146-1147. 7. Thebtaranonth C, Y Thebtaranonth, S Wanauppathamkul and Y Yuthavong (1995) Antimalarial Sequiterpenes from Tubers of Cyperus rotundus: Structure of 10,12-Peroxycalamenene, A Sesquiterpene Endoperoxide Phytochemistry. 0, 125-128. ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 23 . Dr. Usavadee Thavara : : : : : / (DIO) ? ? 88/7 11000 02-951 0000 99245 : 02-591 5449 usavadee@dmsc. moph. go. th ?.?. 2520 ?.?. 2522 ?.?. 2544 .?. ( ) .?. ( ) Ph. D. (Tropical Medicine) . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) ? . . . (269) ? . OTOP . ? Herb Innovation Ambassador 24 1. Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Srithommarat R, Zaim M and Mulla MS (2005) Se quential Release and Residual Activity of Temephos Applied as Sand Granuals to Water-storage Jars for the Control of Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Vector. Ecol. 30, 1-10. 2. Siriyasatian P, K Tanthongchaiwiriya, N Jariyapan, S Kaewsaitian, Y Poovorawan and U Thavara (2005) Analysis of Salivary Gland Protiens of the Mosquito Armigeres subalbatus. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 36, 64-67. 3. Thavara U, A Tawatsin, W Kong-ngamsuk and MS Mulla (2004) Efficacy and Longevity of a New Formulation of Temephos Larvicide Tested in Village-scale Trials against Aedes aegypti Larvae in Water-storage Containers. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 20, 176-182. 4. Thavara U, A Tawatsin and J Chompoosri (2004) Evaluation of Attractants and Egg-laying Substrate Preference for Oviposition by Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Vector. Ecol. 29, 66-72. 5. Mulla MS, U Thavara, A Tawatsin and J Chompoosri (2004) Procedures for Evaluation of Field Efficacy of Slow-release Formulations of Larvicides against Aedes aegypti in Water-storage Containers. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 20, 64-73. 6. Mulla MS, U Thavara, A Tawatsin, J Chompoosri, M Zaim and T Su (2003) Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a New Acylurea Insect Growth Regulator against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Vector. Ecol. 28, 241-254. 7. Mulla MS, U Thavara, A Tawatsin, J Chompoosri and T Su (2003) Emergence of Resistance and Resistance Management in Field Populations of Tropical Culex quinquefasciatus to the Microbial Control Agent Bacillus sphaericus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 19, 39-46. 8. Nagao Y, U Thavara, P Chitnumsup, A Tawatsin, C Chansang and D Campbell-Lendrum (2003) Climatic and Social Risk Factors for Aedes Infestation in Rural Thailand. Trop. Med. Int. Hlth. 8, 650-659. 9. Sriwichai P, D Nacapunchai, S Pasuralertsakul, Y Rongsriyam and U Thavara (2002) Survey of Indoor Cockroaches in Some Dwellings in Bangkok. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 33 (Suppl 3), 36-40. 10. Thavara U, A Tawatsin and J Chompoosri. Phytochemicals as Repellents against Mosquitoes in Thailand. 2002. Proceedings International Conference on Biopesticides 3, April 21-26, 2002, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 44-250. 11. Tawatsin A, U Thavara and J Chompoosri. Field Evaluation of Mosquito Coils Derived from Plants against Night-biting Mosquitoes in Thailand. Proceedings International Conference on Biopesticides 3, April 21-26, 2002, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 214-220. ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 25 . Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ploenpit Boochathum : : : : : ? 1 10140 ? ? 0 2-470 8909 : 02-470 8900 ploenpit. boo@kmutt. ac. th ?.?. 2525 ?.?. 2528 ?.?. 2536 .?. ( ) .?. ( ) D. Eng (Polymer), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (water-based adhesive) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rubber Innovation Ambassador 26 1. Boochathum P and S Kerdpoka, in the title of â€Å"New Additive for Properties Enhancement of Rubber Products Prepared from Waste PET Bottles† Petty Patent No. 1803 date issue 13 May 2005. 2. Boochathum P, in the title of â€Å"Modified natural rubber as an efficient resin for heavy-metal removal† Patent submitted. 3. Boochathum P, I the title of â€Å"Water based adhesive using functional natural rubber latex† Patent submitted. 4. Boochathum P and S Jurawadee (2003) Silica-filled Functional Natural Rubber. 164th Meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Cleveland, OH, 14-17 October 2003, USA. 5. Boochathum P, S Tansuwan, S Angkaew and S Tengrang (2003) Functional Natural Rubber Prepared in situ Ozonolysis of Latex. 8th Pacific Polymer Conference, Bangkok, 24-27 November, 2003, Thailand. 6. Boochathum P (2002) Evidence for Relationships Among Mobilized Phase, Rigid Phase and Crosslink Density In Carbon Black-filled Rubber, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15-16 July 2002. 7. Boochathum P and S Tansuwan (2002) New Coupling Agents Applicable for Carbon/Silica Dual Phase Filler Incorporated into Natural Rubber. IUPAC World Polymer Congress 2002, 39th International Symposium on Macromolecules, 7-12 July 2002, China. 8. Boochathum P and S Danchaloemwong (2001) Carbon Black-Filled ACM/NR Blends: Interaction Characteristics and Processability. 27th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand, 16-18 Oct. 001, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand, 286-287. 9. Boochathum P and S Tansuwan (2001) New Plasticizer for The Processing Of Rubber Products. 27th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand, 16 -18 Oct, 2001, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand, 286-287. 10. , , â€Å" ? ? ? ? † 0303000428 7 2546 ? ? ? ? ? ? 11. , â€Å" † 0403001048 27 25 47 ? ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 27 . Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jitladda Sakdapipanich : : : 6 10400 ? 4 73170 02-889 3116 : 02-889 3116 scjtp@mahidol. ac. th : : ?.?. 2532 ?.?. 2537 ?.?. 2539 .?. ( ) M. Eng. (Chemical Engineer), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan Ph. D. (Chemical Engineer), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan . ? ? ? ? â€Å" † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) ( ) ? ? ? L-Quebrachitol ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (epoxidation) ? ? Rubber Innovation Ambassador 28 1. ?.?. 2546 ? ? 2. ?.?. 2545 ? ? 3. , â€Å" ? † 24 .?. 47 091845 ? ? ? ? ? ( ) ? ? 4. Sakdapipanich JT (2005) â€Å"Protein-Decomposed Natural Rubber, Manufacturing Method Thereof, and Composite Thereof† PCT patent pending 5. Tanaka Y, JT Sangpakdee, Y Miyamoto, M Hiyashi, E Kanamura and T Mihara, Method of Producing Particulate Natural Rubber. US Patent 6,025,451 6. Sakdapipanich JT, P Suksawad and K Insom (2005) Preparation of Funtionalized Low Molecular-weight Natural Rubber Latex Using Solid Nanometric TIO2 as a Photocatalyst. Rubber Chem. Tech. 78, 597-605. 7. Tarachiwin L, JT Sangpakdee, K Ute, T Kitayama, T Bamba, E Fukusaka, A Kobayashi and Y Tanaka (2005) Structural Characterization of alpha-Terminal Group of the Natural Rubber-1. Decomposition of Branch-points by Lipase and Phosphatase Treatment-. Biomacromolecules, 6, 1851-1857. 8. Tarachiwin L, JT Sangpakdee, K Ute, T Kitayama and Y Tanaka (2005) Structural Characterization of alpha-Terminal Group of the Natural Rubber- 2. Decomposition of Branch-points by Phospholipase and Chemical Treatment-. Biomacromolecules, 6, 1858-1863. 9. Tarachiwin L, JT Sangpakdee and Y Tanaka (2005) Relationship between Particle Size and Molecular Weight of Rubber from Hevea Brasiliensis. Rubber Chem. Tech. 78, 694-704. 10. Tarachiwin L, JT Sangpakdee and Y Tanaka (2005) Structure and Origin of Long-chain Branching and Gel in Natural Rubber. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe. 8, 115-122. 11. Mekkriengkrai D, T Sando, K Hirooka, JT Sakdapipanich, Y Tanaka, E Fukusaki and A Kobayashi (2004) Cloning and Characterization of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase in Lactarius chrysorrheus Mushroom. Biosci. Biotechnol. and Biochem. 68, 2360-2368. 12. Mekkriengkrai D, K Ute, E Swiezewska, T Chojnacki, Y Tanaka and JT Sakdapipanich (2004) Structural Characterization of Rubber from Jackfruit and Euphorbia as a Model of Natural Rubber. Biomacromolecules. 5, 2013-2019. ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 29 . Assoc. Prof. Dr. Napavarn Noparatnaraporn : : : : : 50 10900 ? 02-579 4787 : 02-579 4787 napavarn@gmail. com ?.?. 2514 ?.?. 2516 ?.?. 2538 ?.?. 2543 .?. ( ) .?. ( ) D. Eng. (Fermentation Technology), Hiroshima University, Japan . (photo ? synthetic bacteria; PSB) ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . ( ) ? . ? (feed additive) ? ? ? ? Biotechnology Innovation Ambassador 30 1. 39-40 (?.?. 2548) 2. (?.?. 2547) ? ? ? ? 3. 42 - ? ? ? ? â€Å" (?.?. 2547) ? 4. Best Poster Award â€Å"The Tenth International Congress for Culture Collections† Hongoh Y, M Ohkuma, S Trakulnaleamsai, P Deevong, T Inoue, C Vongkhaluang, ? ? N Noparatnaraporn and T Kudo Novel (sub)divisional Lineages of Bacteria Found from the Gut of Termites. (?.?. 2548) 5. Deevong P, Y Hongoh, T Inoue, S Trakulnaleamsai, T Kudo, N Noparatnaraporn and M Ohkuma (2006) Effect of Temporal Sample Preservation on Molecular Study of Complex Microbi al Community in the Gut of the Termite Microcerotermes sp. Microbes Environ. 21, In press 6. Hongoh Y, L Ekpornprasit, T Inoue, S Moriya, S Trakulnaleamsai, M Ohkuma, N Noparatnaraporn and T Kudo (2006) Intra – Colony Variation of Bacterial Gut Microbiota among Castes and Ages in the Fungus – Growing Termite Macrotermes gilvus. Mol. Ecol. 15, 505-516. 7. Sasaki K, M Watanabe, Y Suda, A Ishizuk and N Noparatnaraporn (2005) Applications of Photosynthetic Bacteria for Medical Fields. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 96, 481-488. 8. Moriya S, T Inoue, M Ohkuma, T Yaovapa, T Johjima, P Suwannarit, U Sangwanit, C Vongkaluang, N Noparatnaraporn and T Kudo (2005) Fungus Community Analysis of Fungus Gardens in Termite Nests. Microbe. Environ. 20, 243-252. 9. Thongaram T, Y Hongoh, S Kosono, M Ohkuma, S Trakulnaleamsai, N Noparatnaraporn and T Kudo (2005) Comparison of Bacterial Communities of the Alkaline Gut Segment among Various Species of Higher Termites. Extremophiles. 9, 229-238. 10. Inoue T, Y Hongoh, C Klangkaew, Y Takematsu, C Vongkaluang, N Noparatnaraporn, M Ohkuma and T Kudo (2005) Plasticity and Specificity of Termite Nest Structure. Sociobiology. 45, 671-678. ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 31 . Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suwabun Chirachanchai : : : : 10330 02-218 4134 : 02-889 3116 csuwabun@chula. ac. th ?.?. 2532 ?.?. 2534 ?.?. 2538 B. Eng. (Applied Fine Chemistry), Osaka University, Japan M. Eng. (Applied Fine Chemistry), Osaka University, Japan Ph. D. (Applied Fine Chemistry), Osaka University, Japan . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . (. ) - (GTZ) (roadmap) (bio-polymer) Biotechnology Innovation Ambassador 32 1. Jap an Society for ? ? the Promotion of Science ?.?. 2548-2550 2. ?.?. 2547 ? 3. Fungangwalwong C, M Akashi, T Kida and S Chirachanchai â€Å"One-pot Synthesis in Aqueous System for Water-soluble Chitosan-graft-Poly (Ethylene Glycol ) Methyl Ether†, Biopolymer, in press. 4. Gosalawit R, S Chirachanchai, H Manuspiya and E Traversa â€Å"Krytox-Silica-Nafion† Composite Membrane: A Hybrid System for Maintaining Proton Conductivity in A Wide Range of Operating Temperature†, Catalysis Today, in press. . Phongtamrug S, M Miyata and S Chirachanchai (2005) Concerted Contribution of Cu-O Coordination and Hydrogen Bonds in N,N-Bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)alkylamine-copper-solvent System. Chem. Lett. 34, 634-635. 6. Phongtamrug S, B Pulpoka and S Chirachanchai (2004) Inclusion Compounds Formed from N,N-Bis (2-hydroxybenzyl) alkylamine Derivatives and Transition Metal Ions via Molecular Assembly. Supramol. Chem. 16, 269-278. 7. Yoksan R, M Akashi, M Miyata and S Chirachanchai (2004) Optimal g-Ray Dose and Irradiation Conditions for Producing Low-Molecular-Weight Chitosan that Retains its Chemical Structure. Radiat. Res. 161, 471-480. 8. Phongtamrug S, B Pulpoka and S Chirachanchai (2004) Inclusion Compounds Formed from N,N-Bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)alkylamine Derivatives and Transition Metal Ions via Molecular Assembly. Supramol. Chem. 16, 269-278. 9. Yoksan R, M Akashi, M Miyata and S Chirachanchai (2004) Optimal g-Ray Dose and Irradiation Conditions for Producing Low-Molecular-Weight Chitosan that Retains its Chemical Structure. Radiation Research. 161, 471-480. 10. Yoksan R, M Matsusaki, M Akashi and S Chirachanchai (2004) Controlled Hydrophobic/ Hydrophilic Chitosan: Colloidal Phenomena and Nanosphere Formation. Colloid Polym. Sci. , 282, 337-342. 11. Laobuthee A, H Ishida and S Chirachanchai (2003) Metal Ion Guest Responsive Benzoxazine Dimers and Inclusion Phenomena of Cyclic Derivatives. J. Incl. Phenom. Macro. 47, 179-185. 12. Yoksan R, M Akashi, K Hiwatari and S Chirachanchai (2003) Controlled Hydrophobic/hydrophilicity of Chitosan for Spheres without Specific Processing Technique. Biopolymers. 69, 386-390. 13. Laobuthee A, S Chirachanchai, H Ishida and K Tashiro (2001) Asymmetric Mono-oxazine: An Inevitable Product from Mannich Reaction of Benzoxazine Dimers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 9947-9955. 14. Yoksan R, M Akashi, S Biramontri and S Chirachanchai (2001) Hydrophobic Chain Conjugation at Hydroxyl Group onto g-Ray Irradiated Chitosan. Biomacromolecules. 2, 1038-1044. ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 33 . Dr. Rath Pichyangkura : : : : : 10330 02-218 5416-7 : 02-218 5418 prath@chula. ac. th ?.?. 2531 .?. ( ) 1 ?.?. 2539 Ph. D. (Biochemistry), Michigan State University, USA . - ? ? (anti-bacteria) (absorption) ? ? ? ? . . ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? (cell metrix) ? ? ? ? ? (oligosaccharide) ? ? ? ? Biotechnology Innovation Ambassador 34 1. (?.?. 2531) ? 2. Supungul P, S Klinbunga, R Pichyangkura, I Hirono, T Aoki and A Tassanakajon (2004) Antimicrobial Peptides Discovered in the Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) using the EST Approach. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 61, 123-135. 3. Sashiwa H, S Fujishima, N Yamano, N Kawasaki, A Nakayama, E Muraki, M Sukwattanasinitt, R Pichyangkura and S Aiba (2003) Enzymatic Production of N-acetyl -D-glucosamine from Chitin: Degradation Study of N-acetylchitoolidosaccharide and the Effect of Mixing of Crude Enzyme. Carbohydrate Polymers. 51, 391-395. . Supungul P, S Klinbunga, R Pichyangkura, S Jitrapakdee, I Hirono, T Aoki and A Tassanakajon (2002) Identification of Immune-related Genes in Hemocytes of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Mar. Biotechnol (NY). 4, 487-494. 5. Pichyangkura R, S Kudan, K Kuttiyawong, M Sukwattanasinitt and S Aiba (2002) Quantitative Production of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose from Crystalline Chitin by Bacterial Chitinase. Carbohyd. Res. 337, 557-559. 6. Mekkriengkrai P, S Chairachanchai and R Pichyangkura (2000) Enzymatic Degradation of Chitosan Using Staphylococcus species Strain TU005(E) Chitanase. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals. 10, 23-26. 7. Tal-Singer R, R Pichyangkura, E Chung, TM Lasner, BP Randazzo, JQ Trojanowski, NW Fraser and SJ Triezenberg (1999) the Transcriptional Activation Domain of VP16 is Required for Efficient Infection and Establishment of Latency by HSV-1 in the Murine Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems. Virology. 259, 20-33. 8. Moriuchi H, M Moriuchi, R Pichyangkura, SJ Triezenberg, SE Straus and JI Cohen (1995) Hydrophobic Cluster Analysis Predicts an Amino-terminal Domain of Varicella-zoster Virus Open Reading Frame 10 Required for Transcriptional Activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92, 9333-9337. 9. Koelle DM, L Corey, RL Burke, RJ Eisenberg, GH Cohen, R Pichyangkura and SJ Triezenberg (1994) Antigenic Specificities of Human CD4+ T-cell Clones Recovered from Recurrent Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Lesions. J. Virol. 68, 2803-2810. ? ? ? BIO-BUSINESS ? ? ? ? ? 35 . Dr. Sorawit Powtongsook : : : : : 2 ? ? ? 10330 02-218 5279 : 02-254 7680 sorawit@biotec. or. th, sorawit_powtongsook@yahoo. com ?.?. 2532 ?.?. 2536 ?.?. 2541 .?. ( ) .?. ( ) Ph. D. (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. . ? ? ? ? ? ? . ) â€Å" ? ? † ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (tubular denitrification reactor) How to cite Innovator, Papers

Domestic Violence Essay Research Paper Womens Studies free essay sample

Domestic Violence Essay, Research Paper Womans? s Studies 210 Analytic Response # 2 Domestic force and sexual assault are two hard things to specify. I define domestic force as any unwanted physical contact from a important other. Significant other being fellow, girlfriend, sexual spouse, or partner. I define sexual assault as any unwanted sexual contact. This could be colza or it could be an uninvited touch. The article? Domestic Violence: What? s Love Got to make With It? ? is a personal history of one incident of domestic force that changed the writer? s life. She won? t even give her full name because of her fright. She points out in the article her feeling of incredulity as her important other, she refers to him as Ten, slammed her caput on the concrete. She besides points out how the constabulary were really unhelpful and uncompassionate to her. The officer did non take into history that she was stunned and confused every bit good as physically injured from the incident. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Violence Essay Research Paper Womens Studies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He asked her inquiries in an angry tone of voice and even threatened to collar her for disorderly behavior. After the incident her life was non the same. Her jaw became disjointed, she tried to press charges but they were reduced because she did non press them on the scene, and she could non even sit through a film with her friend. Her friends wear? T believe the incident is every bit serious as it is, and X is distributing rumours about her. It seems that everyone is on his side. She admits that she is afraid of work forces. Basically, this article shows how a individual incident of domestic force can destroy person? s life. The article? Men Changing Work force? high spots the Oakland Men? s Undertaking, a group dedicated to halting male force, racism, and homophobia. Racism is the belief, attitude, action, or institutional construction that subordinates a individual or group because of their race. Homophobia is the irrational fright of and ill will toward cheery work forces, tribades, or bisexuals. The group tries to demo how society? s definition of maleness leads work forces to force. Masculinity is the set of copper ltural values, psychological properties, and societal activities that a society has defined as normative for work forces. One of the activities that they do is demo an brush between an angry male parent and his boy to schoolchildren. When they asked the male childs what they learned from the brush, the answer was? a adult male is tough, a adult male is in control, a adult male doesn? T cry. ? These phrases are portion of society? s definition of maleness. They point out to the male childs that it is really unsafe to populate that manner. The OMP besides does another exercising. They ask a group of work forces assorted inquiries that fit society? s definition of maleness, such as? Have you of all time been called a chicken? ? or? Have you of all time made a remark in public about a adult female? s organic structure? ? This gives work forces a opportunity to look at how unsafe society? s definition of maleness truly is. There is a connexion between this type of force and sexism. Sexism is the belief, attitude, action, or institutional construction that subordinates a individual or group because of their sex. As pointed out in the article, the belief that one sex is low-level to the other allows for force against the low-level sex. Excuses such as force against adult females is natural are used to warrant the force. Sexism must be eradicated in order to halt male force. The relationship between homophobia and force is similar to the connexion between force and sexism. As I pointed out earlier, homophobia is the irrational fright of and ill will toward cheery work forces, tribades, or bisexuals. Wordss like? homosexual? and? fagot? acquire really hostile reactions from homophobic work forces. This irrational ill will can take to violence because that? s one of the ways work forces are taught to react, as pointed out in the article. Our current building of maleness impacts these connexions. The exercising with the immature male childs shows that males are taught maleness at a really immature age. Their responses, ? Work force are in control, Men wear? t call? , impact the manner these male childs live. Work forces are taught to conceal emotions and merely demo anger. It should be no surprise that they sometimes act violently.

The Western culture Essay Example For Students

The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postImageUrl , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:visited , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active { border:0!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Censorship EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postImageUrl , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:visited , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active { border:0!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society. The Western culture Essay Example For Students The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postImageUrl , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:visited , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active { border:0!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Censorship EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postImageUrl , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:visited , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active { border:0!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society. The Western culture Essay Example For Students The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .postImageUrl , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:visited , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:active { border:0!important; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:active , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Road Not Taken - an analyis EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .postImageUrl , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:visited , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:active { border:0!important; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:active , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Losing Creativity Growing Up EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society.